Study of EDTA intake of children for potential use of FeNaEDTA for breakfast cereal fortification

EDTA is used as disodium salt or disodiumcalcium in foods, to prevent lipid oxidation or as color and flavor stabilizer. In some countries, FeNaEDTA is also used as a source of iron for fortification. However, EDTA has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 2.5 mg / kg/day. The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of EDTA in children of school age and the potential use of Fe- NaEDTA as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification. A qualitative-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was conducted on 225 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged between 4 and 13, from school canteens, public and private schools, from the city of Santa Fe (Argentina). Only those foods which EDTA addition is allowed in Argentina: packaged ice cream, soda, soft drinks and powdered soft drinks (upper limit of Na2EDTA o Na2CaEDTA: 35 mg/kg) and dressings and margarines (upper limit of Na2CaEDTA: 75 mg/kg) were considered. EDTA Average Daily Consumption (ADC) was 0.06 mg/kg/day with a median of 0.011 mg/kg/day, representing 2.4% of the ADI. In the hypothetical case that FeNaEDTA would be used as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification at level of 11 mg Fe%, the potential EDTA ADC would be 0.46 ± 0.32 mg/kg/day, representing 18.4% of the ADI (2.5 mg/kg/day). Results indicate that children from Santa Fe city have an EDTA ADC currently well below the maximum ADI of EDTA, which would remain low even if FeNaEDTA is used for breakfast cereal fortification.

Estudio de la ingesta de EDTA en niños para la utilización potencial de FeNaEDTA en la fortificación de cereales para desayuno. El EDTA es utilizado en alimentos como sal disódica o disódica-cálcica, para prevenir la oxidación lipídica o como estabilizante del color y sabor. En algunos países, FeNaEDTA es también usado como una fuente de hierro para la fortificación de alimentos. Sin embargo, posee una Ingesta Diaria Admisible (IDA) de 2,5 mg/kg/día. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la ingesta de EDTA en niños y el potencial uso de FeNaEDTA como fuente de fortificación de hierro en cereales para desayuno (CPD). Se realizó un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria cuali-cuantitativo a niños de ambos sexos, en edades comprendidas entre 4 y 13 años, que asistían a comedores escolares, escuelas públicas y privadas de la Ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina. Solo se evaluaron aquellos alimentos en los que se halla permitido el agregado de EDTA en Argentina: helados envasados, gaseosas, bebidas sin alcohol y jugos en polvo, aderezos y margarina. La Ingesta Diaria Promedio (IDP) de EDTA fue de 0,06 mg/Kg/día con una mediana de 0,011 mg/kg/día, lo que representa el 2,4% de la IDA. En el hipotético caso de que FeNaEDTA fuera usado como fuente de hierro para fortificación de CPD en un nivel de 11 mg Fe%, la potencial IDP de EDTA sería de 0,46 ± 0,32 mg/kg/día, lo que representa un 18,4 % de la IDA. Los resultados indican que la IDP de EDTA está muy por debajo de la IDA máxima, la cual seguiría siendo baja incluso si el FeNaEDTA se utilizara como fortificante de hierro en CPD.

Study of EDTA intake of children for potential use of FeNaEDTA for breakfast cereal fortification.

EDTA is used as disodium salt or disodium-calcium in foods, to prevent lipid oxidation or as color and flavor stabilizer. In some countries, FeNaEDTA is also used as a source of iron for fortification. However, EDTA has an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 2.5 mg/kg/day. The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of EDTA in children of school age and the potential use of FeNaEDTA as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification. A qualitative-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was conducted on 225 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged between 4 and 13, from school canteens, public and private schools, from the city of Santa Fe (Argentina). Only those foods which EDTA addition is allowed in Argentina: packaged ice cream, soda, soft drinks and powdered soft drinks (upper limit of Na2EDTA or Na2CaEDTA: 35 mg/kg) and dressings and margarines (upper limit of Na2CaEDTA: 75 mg/kg) were considered. EDTAAverage Daily Consumption (ADC) was 0.06 mg/kg/day with a median of 0.011 mg/kg/day, representing 2.4% of the ADI. In the hypothetical case that FeNaEDTA would be used as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification at level of 11 mg Fe%, the potential EDTA ADC would be 0.46 +/- 0.32 mg/kg/day, representing 18.4% of the ADI (2.5 mg/kg/day). Results indicate that children from Santa Fe city have an EDTA ADC currently well below the maximum ADI of EDTA, which would remain low even if FeNaEDTA is used for breakfast cereal fortification.

Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción / Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the adition of different iron absorption promoters

Los alimentos complementarios más utilizados son las dietas caseras. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la disponibilidad de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil de consumo habitual conteniendo pan fortificado con diferentes fuentes de hierro: sulfato ferroso, bisglicinato ferroso, NaFeEDTA. También se utilizó pan sin fortificar con agregado de ácido ascórbico, citrato de sodio o Na2EDTA como promotores de la absorción, combinada con diversas bebidas. La dieta (papa, zapallo, sémola, pan y manzana) se combinó con agua, leche, té, bebida cola y bebida artificial a base de naranja. La dializabilidad (D) mineral, como indicador de la disponibilidad potencial fue determinada utilizando un método in vitro. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando ANOVA, con test de Tukey a posteriori. No hubo diferencias significativas en la DFe entre las dietas del pan fortificado con sulfato o bisglicinato; con el NaFeEDTA aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). El aumento de la DFe fue mayor en las dietas que tenían panes con promotores que en las que tenían panes fortificados. La bebida a base de naranja aumentó la DFe, mientras que el té y la leche la disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05). La DZn aumentó en forma significativa cuando el pan estaba fortificado con sulfato o NaFeEDTA, pero no cuando se fortificó con bisglicinato. El agregado de té o leche disminuyó la DZn mientras que la bebida a base de naranja la aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). En relación a los promotores, las mayores DFe y DZn se observaron en las dietas con el pan sin fortificar, con agregado de Na2EDTA.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p<0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p<0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

[Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the addition of different iron absorption promoters]. / Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p < 0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p < 0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos en bebidas sin alcohol: estimación de la ingesta diaria en niños y adolescentes / Non nutritive sweeteners in non alcoholic drinks: estimation of the daily intake in children and adolescents

Muchas bebidas sin alcohol que se ofrecen en el mercado no destacan en su rotulado que corresponden a bebidas dietéticas con el agregado de edulcorantes no nutritivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue calcular la ingesta diaria estimada de edulcorantes no nutritivos por parte de niños y adolescentes sanos, a través del consumo de este tipo de alimentos. Se analizaron encuestas de frecuencia de consumo de bebidas sin alcohol de 190 niños y adolescentes (3-18 años). Se solicitó que se detallaran las marcas de las bebidas más consumidas, con el fin de considerar para el cálculo de la ingesta diaria estimada los contenidos de edulcorantes declarados en los respectivos rótulos. Además se tuvo en cuenta el consumo diario de bebidas sin alcohol y peso corporal declarado en cada encuesta. La ingesta diaria estimada de individuos entre 3 y 18 años fue 2,61 mg/kg para ciclamato; 0,28 mg/kg para sacarina; 0,69 mg/kg para acesulfame K y 2,78 mg/kg para aspartame. Sólo en el caso del ciclamato se observaron tres individuos con una ingesta diaria estimada mayor a la ingesta diaria admisible.

Many non-alcoholic drinks commercially available do not emphasize on their labels that they correspond to light drinks. The objective of the present paper was to estimate the daily intake of non nutritive sweeteners by healthy children and adolescents through the consumption of non-alcoholic drinks. Food frequency questionnaires of non alcoholic drinks from 190 children and adolescents (3 to 18 years old) were analysed. The brands of the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks were requested in order to consider the quantity of the declared sweetener in the correspondent labels to estimate the daily intake. Moreover, the daily intake of nonalcoholic drinks and the body weight declared in each questionnaire was taken into account. The estimated daily intake of students from 3 to 18 years old was 2,61 mg/kg of cyclamate, 0,28 mg/kg of saccharin, 0,69 mg/kg of acesulfame-K and 2,78 mg/kg of aspartame. Only in the case of cyclamate there were three individuals with an estimated daily intake greater than the admissible daily intake.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos en bebidas sin alcohol: estimación de la ingesta diaria en niños y adolescentes / Non nutritive sweeteners in non alcoholic drinks: estimation of the daily intake in children and adolescents

Muchas bebidas sin alcohol que se ofrecen en el mercado no destacan en su rotulado que corresponden a bebidas dietéticas con el agregado de edulcorantes no nutritivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue calcular la ingesta diaria estimada de edulcorantes no nutritivos por parte de niños y adolescentes sanos, a través del consumo de este tipo de alimentos. Se analizaron encuestas de frecuencia de consumo de bebidas sin alcohol de 190 niños y adolescentes (3-18 años). Se solicitó que se detallaran las marcas de las bebidas más consumidas, con el fin de considerar para el cálculo de la ingesta diaria estimada los contenidos de edulcorantes declarados en los respectivos rótulos. Además se tuvo en cuenta el consumo diario de bebidas sin alcohol y peso corporal declarado en cada encuesta. La ingesta diaria estimada de individuos entre 3 y 18 años fue 2,61 mg/kg para ciclamato; 0,28 mg/kg para sacarina; 0,69 mg/kg para acesulfame K y 2,78 mg/kg para aspartame. Sólo en el caso del ciclamato se observaron tres individuos con una ingesta diaria estimada mayor a la ingesta diaria admisible.(AU)

Many non-alcoholic drinks commercially available do not emphasize on their labels that they correspond to light drinks. The objective of the present paper was to estimate the daily intake of non nutritive sweeteners by healthy children and adolescents through the consumption of non-alcoholic drinks. Food frequency questionnaires of non alcoholic drinks from 190 children and adolescents (3 to 18 years old) were analysed. The brands of the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks were requested in order to consider the quantity of the declared sweetener in the correspondent labels to estimate the daily intake. Moreover, the daily intake of nonalcoholic drinks and the body weight declared in each questionnaire was taken into account. The estimated daily intake of students from 3 to 18 years old was 2,61 mg/kg of cyclamate, 0,28 mg/kg of saccharin, 0,69 mg/kg of acesulfame-K and 2,78 mg/kg of aspartame. Only in the case of cyclamate there were three individuals with an estimated daily intake greater than the admissible daily intake.(AU)